A computer is a device capable of performing computations and makingf logical decisions at speeds millions, and even billions of times faster than human beings can. For example, many of today's personal computers can perform tens of millions of additions per second. A person operating a desk calculator might require decades to complete the same number of calculations a powerful personal computer can perform in one second. (Points to ponder: How would you know whter the person added the numbers correctly? How would you know whether the computer added the numbers correclty?) Today's fastest super-computers can perform in one year! And trillion instruction per second computers are already functioning in research laboraties.

C omputers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs. These computer programs guide the computer through orderly sets of actions specified by people called computer programmers. The various devices (such as the keyboard, monitor, disks, memory, and processing unit) that comprise a computer system are referred to as hardware. The computer programs that run on a computer are referred to as software. Hardware costs have been decliniing dramatically in recent years, to the point that personal computers have become a commodity. Unfortunately, software development costs have been rising steadily as programmers develope ever more powerful and complex applications, withour being able to improve the technology of software development. Programming that reduce software development costs would feature a structured style of programming with top-down step wise refinement, functionalization and object-oriented programming; C++ is such a language. Reguardless of differences in physical apperance, virtually every computer may be envisioned as being divided into six logical units or sections.

These are:
1. Input unit. This is the "recieving" section of the compter. It obtains information (data and computer programs) from various input devices and places this information at the diposal of the other units so that the information may be processed. Most information is entered into computers today through typewriter-like keyboards and "mouse" devices. In the future, perhaps most information will be entered by speaking to your computer.
2. Output unit. This is the "shipping" section of the compter. It takes information that has been processed by the computer and places it on various output devices to make the information available for use outside the computer. Most information output from computers today is displayed on screens, printed on paper, or used to control other devices.
3. Memory unit. This is the rapid access, relatively low-capacity "warehouse" section of the computer. It retains information that has been entered through the input so that the information may be made immediately available for processing when it is needed. The memory unit also retains information taht has already been processed until that information can be placed on output devices by the output unit. The memory unit is often called either memory or primary memory.
4. Arithmetic and logic unit. This is the "manufacturing" section of hte computer. It is reponsible for performing calculations sich as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It contains the decision mechanisms that allow th computer, for example, to compare two items from the memory unit to determine whether or not they are equal.
5. Central processeing unit. This is the "administrative" section of the computer. It is the computer's coordinator and is responsible for supervising the operation of the other sections. The CPU tells the input unit when information should be read into the memory unit, tells the ALU when information form the memory unit should be utilized in calculations, and tells the output init when to send information from the memory unit to certain output devices.
6. Secondary storage unit. This is the long-term, high-capacity "warehouse" section of the computer. Proframs or data not actively being used by the other units are normally placed on secondary storage devices (such as disks) until they are again needed, possibly hours, days, months, or even years later. Information in secondary storage takes much longer to access than information in primary memory. He soxt per unit of secondary storage is much lass than the cost per unit of primary memory.
Back to my Homepage